The last few years have seen leading thinkers in many fields of scholarly endeavour (including complexity science, ecology, education, futures studies, integral studies, philosophy, psychology, spirituality studies and systems theory) claim that the fragmented, mechanistic and materialistic ways of thinking of the last century are no longer sustainable. As Einstein put it a century ago, “the significant problems we have cannot be solved at the same level of thinking with which we created them.”
Several attempts to create knowledge-bridges between disciplines have emerged in the second half of the 20th century. These approaches seek to counterbalance the excesses of fragmentation, specialisation and reductionism in the dominant worldview.
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